Impact Of Corporate Governance On Firm Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3683 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? There is a large body of empirical research that has assessed the impact of corporate governance on firm performance for the developed markets. Studies have shown that good governance practices have led the significant increase in the economic value added of firms, higher productivity and lower risk of systematic financial failure for countries. The studies by many researchers and philanthropists who a significant importance of Corporate Governance. Most of the empirical work for exploring possible relationship between corporate governance and firm performance is done for single jurisdiction. Shleifer and Vishny (1997), John and Senbet (1998) and Hermalin and Weisbach (2003) provide an excellent literature in this area. It has now become an important area of research in emerging markets as well. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Corporate Governance On Firm Performance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order There are many empirical studies that analyse the impact of different corporate governance practices in the cross-section of countries. Mitton (2001) has done a noteworthy research with sample of 398 firms Korean, Malaysian, Indonesian, Philippines, data Thailand have found that the firm-level variables are related to corporate governance has strong impact on firm performance during East Asian Crisis in 1997 and 1998. The results suggests that better price performance is associated with firms that have indicators of higher disclosure quality, with firms that have higher outside ownership concentration and with firms that are focused rather than diversified. Brown and Caylor (2004) have measured the Corporate Governances impact, he analyze it with 51 factors, 8 sub categories for 2327 US based firms with the help of Institutional Shareholder Service (ISS) dataset. They infer that the firms having better governance are more profitable, more valuable and they were very good in their payout to to their shareholders. Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) use Investor Responsibility Research Centre (IRRC) data. They indicate that firms with fewer shareholder rights have lower firm value and lower ROE. They classify 24 governance factors into five groups: tactics for delaying hostile capture, selection civil rights, principal/official guard, other conquest suspicion, and position law. Most of these factors are anti-takeover measures so G-Index is effectively an index of anti-takeover protection rather than a broad index of governance. Their findings show that firms with stronger shareholders rights have higher firm value, higher profits, higher sales growth, lowest capital expenditures, and made fewer corporate acquisitions. Lipton and Lorsch (1992); Jensen (1993) conduct an extensive research on the Corporate Governance. They concluded that, It is expected that by limiting board size firm performance could be improved. but the benefits attained from larger boards were outweighed by the poorer communication and decision-making of larger groups. Yermack (1996) conduct a study and provides an inverse relation between board size and profitability, asset utilization, and Tobins Q. According to him with the increase in the Board size the firm performance reduced and resultantly the profitability and payout to shareholders reduced. Anderson, et al. (2004) analyze and present their result as the cost of debt and board size has the inverse relationship, according to them the cost of debt is lower for the firms having larger boards, because financers view these firms as they are having more effective control and decision making of their financial accounting processes. Brown and Caylor (2004) show an extensive research and add to this literature by showing that firms having board sizes between 6 to 15 were performing very well and those firms have higher ROE and higher profitability as compare to other firms having different board size. They also conclude that independent audit committees are positively associated with dividend yield, but negatively related to the operating performance or firm valuation. They also find that the consulting fees paid to auditors less than audit fees paid to auditors are negatively related to company performance and company policy of auditor rotation is positively related to return on equity. Fosberg (1989) study the relationship between the proportion of outside directors, a proxy for board independence, and firm performance. He concluded that there is no relation between the proportion of outsider directors and various performance measures. Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) also find no association between the proportion of outsider directors and Tobins Q; and Bhagat and Black (2002) find no linkage between proportion of outsider directors and Tobins Q, return on assets, asset turnover and stock returns. In contrast, Baysinger and Butler (1985) and Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) show that if the firm appoint outside directors then the stakeholders trust them more and thats why bankruptcy cost theory and trade off theory is in the favor of outside directors, which resulted into low cost, better competitive position and profitability. Brickley, Coles, and Terry (1994) find a positive relation between the proportion of outsider directors and the stock market reaction to poison pill adoptions; and Anderson, Mansi and Reeb (2004) show that the cost of debt, as proxied by bond yield spreads, is inversely related to board independence. Studies using financial statement data and Tobins Q find no link between board independence and firm performance, while those using stock returns data or bond yield data find a positive link. Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) and Bhagat and Black (2002). Brown and Caylor (2004) do not find Tobins Q to increase in board independence, but they come up with the result that ROE of the firm increases with the independent boards, along with that independence of board is closely associated with the higher profit margins, larger dividend yields, and larger stock repurchases. They concluded that board independence is associated with almost all other important measures of firm performance except Tobins Q. Klein (2002) finds a negative relationship between earnings management and audit committee independence, and Anderson, et al. (2004) conclude that entirely independent audit committees have lower cost of financing. Frankel, et al. (2002) come up with a negative relationship between earnings management and auditor independence (based on audit versus non-audit fees). Whereas, Ashbaugh, et al. (2003) and Larcker and Richardson (2004) come up with a contradictory evidences. According to Kinney, et al. (2004) there is no association between earnings and fees paid for monetary in order system plan and achievement or inside audit services. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) come up with similar conclusion, he state that the financial performance is independent of quality and expensiveness internal control and Internal Audit. Yermack (1996) by analyzing a sample of 452 U.S. public firms between (1984 and 1991) shows that firms in which CEO and chairman are two separate individuals, those firms perform better as compare to those firms in which both positions were hold by the same person. Same person sitting on both seats will cause higher agency problem affects firms performance negatively. Firms were more valuable when the CEO and board chair positions are separate. Core, et al. (1999) finds that CEO compensation is lower when the CEO and chairman of the board are separate. Brown and Caylor (2004) conclude that firms are more valuable when the CEO and chairman of board are separate. Botosan and Plumlee (2001) find a material effect of expensing stock options on return on assets. They use Fortunes list of the 100 fastest growing companies as of September 1999, and compute the effect of expensing stock options on firms operating performance. Fich and Shivdasani (2004) find that firms with director stock option plans have higher market to book ratios, higher profitability and they document a positive stock market reaction when firms announce stock option plans for their directors. Brown and Caylor on the other hand come up with a contradictory conclusion and find no evidence that operating performance or firm valuation is positively related to stock option expensing. They also concluded that operating performance does not relate to the executive compensation, or to directors receiving some or all of their fees in stock. Omran M.M, Bolbol A, Fatheldin A. (2008) analysis a sample of 304 firms from different sectors of the economy, from a representative group of Arab countries (Egypt, Jordan, Oman and Tunisia). They concluded that ownership structure has no significant effect on the firm performance they state that ownership concentration is an endogenous response to poor legal protection of investors, but seems to have no significant effect on firms performance. 2.1. Overview of Pakistans Corporate Governance Regime During the ancient period little time, corporate governance has turn into an important area of research in Pakistan. In his noteworthy work Cheema (2003) suggests that corporate governance can play a significant role for Pakistan to attract foreign direct investment and mobilize greater saving through capital provided the corporate governance system is compatible with the objective of raising external equity capital through capital markets. The corporate structure of Pakistan is characterised as concentrated family control, interlocking directorships, cross-shareholdings and pyramid structures. The concern is that reforms whose main objective is minority shareholder protection may dampen profit maximising incentives for families without providing offsetting benefits in the form of equally efficient monitoring by minority shareholders. If this happens the reform may end up creating sub optimal incentives for profit maximization by families. They argue that a crucial challenge for policy makers is to optimize the dual objectives of minority shareholder protection and the maintenance of profit-maximising incentives for family controllers. There is a need for progressive corporations to take a lead in the corporate governance reform effort as well. Rais and Saeed (2005) study the Corporate Governance Code 2002 in the light of narrow Impact Assessment (RIA) structure and its enforcement and request in Pakistan in arrange to recognize the dynamics of public decision making and charge the efficiency of the directive policy of SECP in the ground of corporate governance. The study shows that although the listed company are gearing themselves up to take on the Code, there are a number of constraint, and reservations regarding the method it was draft and implement. Ghani, et al. (2002) examine business group and their contact on corporate governance in Pakistan for non-financial firm listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange of Pakistan for 1998-2002. Their proof indicate that investor view the business-group as a device to appropriate marginal shareholders. On the other offer, the relative financial routine outcome suggest that industry groups in Pakistan are well-organized economic planning that alternate for missing or wasteful outside institution and markets. Ashraf and Ghani (2005) analyzes the start, increase, and the growth of accounting practice and disclosure in Pakistan and the factor that unfair them. They certificate that lack of shareholder protection (e.g., minority rights defense, insider trade protection), judicial inefficiencies, and weak enforcement mechanisms are more dangerous factors than are civilizing factors in explanation the state of accounting in Pakistan. They close that it is the enforcement mechanism that are supreme in improving the excellence of accounting in developing economies. There is an growing interest in analysing concern of corporate governance on stock market in Pakistan but many issue in this area are exposed. In particular, firm-level corporate governance score and its affect on the assessment of the firm which is inner issue of this region needs in strength research. It is in this viewpoint this study aims to make giving in the literature on corporate governance. Before proceeding further, it would be pertinent to have a macro-level glance over the multifaceted corporate governance regime in Pakistan, that is to say, the laws that impact the issues of good governance of a company. Such laws may be categorized as follows: The corporate laws, i.e., the general laws relating to companies and their business; The rules and regulations made under the corporate laws; The listing regulations and the byelaws of the stock exchanges; A body of general civil laws, i.e., enactments providing remedies forseeking declarations, enforcement of claims and recovery; A body of general criminal law, i.e., legislations outlining prosecution and trial for criminal breach of trust, fraud etc.; and Special prosecution under the National Accountability Ordinance, 1999 for corporate frauds and misappropriation. In view of the above legislative spectrum, a consolidated review of the relevant laws would offer the foundational perspective to understand Pakistans superstructure of corporate governance. Transforming this understanding, along with SECPs vision,15 can truly envision the future of corporate governance in Pakistan- as isolated reforms with regard to any one of the above legislative spheres is not likely to ensure the expected results. The Code is a first step whereby principles of good governance are envisioned to be systematically implemented in Pakistan. According to the project report published by the SECP after the formulation of the Code: The Code of Corporate Governance mainly aims to institute a system whereby a company is directed and controlled by its director in compliance with the best practice enunciated by the system so as to safeguard the welfare of diversify stakeholders. It propose to restructure the work of the board of director in order to begin symbol by minority shareholders and broad-based sign by executive and non-executive directors. It seek to achieve the objectives of good corporate governance by recommend rise of corporate working, internal manage system and outside audit requirements. The Code emphasizes openness and clearness in corporate relationships and the decision-making process and requires directors to release their fiduciary tasks in the better notice of all stakeholders in a clear, up to date hard-working, and timely manner. Following the enforcement of the Code of Corporate Governance (the Code) in March 2002, reluctant corporations consider the implementation of the new regime not only expensive to comply with but also practically difficult to implement. While on one hand there is a regulatory pressure to enforce the Code, on the other, there is, among others, an admitted lack of relevant expertise that can assist in the enforcement of the essence of corporate governance in Pakistan. In the present work, recommendations for future indigenous reforms will remain in focus, as against the discussion in respect of the evolving international practices. Such recommendations include: effective grievance and redress mechanism for minority shareholders; best practices for the frontline regulators; and expansion of the audit committee to include the legal expertise, etc. 2.2. Current Challenges and Suggested Measures 2.2.1. Challenges a) Effective Grievance and Redress Mechanism The Companies Ordinance, 1984 and the Code do not recognize minority shareholders with a shareholding below 10%. The minimum threshold for seeking remedy from the Court against mismanagement and oppression requires initiation of the complaint by no less than 20% of the shareholders.28 Shareholders representing 10% can apply to SECP for appointment of inspector for investigation in to the affairs of the company.29 No effective redress is available to shareholders representing less than the 10% of the shareholding (the minority shareholders) upon being aggrieved. The minority shareholders are left with the sole civil remedy to sue for the tortious loss in accordance with the general laws for enforcement of a claim. There is a visible increase for bringing such actions especially in the wake of increasing shareholders activism. In routine, such claims seek interim and permanent injunctive relief against the management. Pending final adjudication of the matter, interim relief is invariably granted, resulting in the hindrance of a companys business. To channelise shareholders activism in a direction that provides the minority shareholders with an effective remedy with no or minimal hindrance to the companys business, an internal grievance and redress mechanism should be considered for listed companies. In this regard, SECP may formulate a list of maintainable grievances with a direction to listed companies to establish a grievance and redress committee consisting of executive and independent directors. The minority shareholders may have an appellate remedy before the relevant frontline regulator, and thereafter to SECP. This will essentially entail expansion of quasi-judicial functions of the stock exchanges and SECP. b) Reporting Noncompliance In order to make the reporting and disclosures more reliable, SECP should encourage the minority shareholders to report any noncompliance with the applicable laws directly to the Audit Committee, with a copy to the relevant stock exchange. c) Frontline Regulators We recently experienced an unprecedented surge of investment in the public stocks. Unfortunately, it was followed by a sudden market crash. Huge market losses triggered a public debate on a more active role for the frontline regulators. The best practices set out in the Code are expected to ensure a self-sustaining mechanism that provides financial transparency to, mainly, safeguard the investments. A better-governed stock exchange would, thus, ensure safer investment opportunities. Accordingly, SECP should consider introducing appropriate guidelines for the stock exchanges so as to ensure their better governance, or applicability of the Code thereto. 2.2.2. Remedial Measures Expansion of Audit Committee-Legal Expertise Introduction of internal and external audit mechanism can be considered as one of the most prominent achievements in the evolution and development of global corporate governance initiatives. The SECP has benefited from and enriched the Code with the international experience in this regard. In general, the main function of the internal audit committee is to assist the board of directors whereas the external audit committee addresses the concerns of the shareholders at large. In both respects, it is only the financial and accounting expertise that is being made available to a company. The concern that the business and affairs of a company should be run and managed in accordance with the applicable laws cannot be adequately addressed either by the internal or external auditors due to unavailability of professional legal expertise with them. The Code requires not only compliance with the Code and the Companies Ordinance, 1984 but also requires certification in relation thereto.32 Although, the existing provisions in the Code do not require a companys certification for compliance with other applicable laws, however, a proper certification as to the compliance with the Companies Ordinance, 1984 and the Code can only be done on the basis of professional legal advice. Additionally, a deficiency in the Code for requiring compliance with law, and its certification, should be made good. Although such compliance would expand the corporate governance regime but, for all intents and purposes, would be in consonance with the purposes for which the issuance of the Code was considered appropriate. Such certification will lead to the companys (somewhat partial) adherence to the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Accordingly, the Code may become instrumental in introducing CSR for the listed companies, and thereby making them more attractive for local and international investments. In addition, the compliance with law certification would, inter alia, help to discourage the transaction between the associated companies. In order for the Code to achieve the above, SECP should consider expanding the scope of internal and external audit to include the legal expertise for evaluating the companys business and the affairs with the legal perspective. In this respect, the following initiatives may be taken: One of the independent non-executive directors may be a professional lawyer. In this regard, the companies may consider retaining services of their legal advisors appointed pursuant to the Companies (Appointment of Legal Advisors) Act, 1974 and may alternatively, be deemed to be a member of the board; One of the non-executive directors on the audit committee34 should be the professional lawyer/legal advisor; With the assistance of the professional lawyer/legal advisor, the audit committee should certify companys compliance with the applicable laws; and Upon availability of the legal expertise, the Audit Committee should be empowered to entertain (and decide) the grievances lodged by the minority shareholders, as discussed above. Additional Measures Fiduciary Duties The code requires the director to bring out their fiduciary duty with a sense of purpose judgment and freedom in the best benefit of the corporation. However, the expression fiduciary duties is not defined in the Code. SECP may consider listing out the fiduciary duties to make this provision more certain and, thus, effectively enforceable. In this regard, SECP may include the list of fiduciary duties from the Manual of Corporate Governance,36 which SECP does not consider to be a legal document. Statement of Ethics and Compliance As has been suggested earlier by an expert,38 the non-compliance should be strictly followed in the process of a comply or explain principle. Accordingly, the companies should be strictly required to ensure compliance with their Statement of Ethics and Business Practices,39 in addition to the existence of such statement. In this regard, SECP should provide a general specimen setting out the minimum contents for Statement of Ethics and Business Practices and, additionally, require the companies to expand their own Statement on the basis thereof. Audit Committees Terms of Reference In addition to the above, the Audit Committees Terms of Reference should expressly provide for review of the companys outsourcing policy, so as to ensure that the company is getting the best available services at the most competitive rates. 2.2.3. Future Challenges The most profound challenge that the corporate governance regime is likely to face is the vindication of penal liability for non-compliance of mandatory disclosure and certification requirements by senior executives against the constitutional touchstone of self-incrimination. The contemporary drive to integrate ethical codes of corporate governance into legislative instruments incorporating punitive sanction, the best example of which is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, though are hailed as a quantum leap in structuring a transparent governance regime, if examined in the rich constitutional tradition of upholding civil liberties, may appear hollow in the corpus. Concerns like uplifting of standards of financial reporting and accountability40 to boost the business growth are supplemented today by considerations of curbing money laundering and white-collar crimes. It may not, perhaps, be farfetched to expect a paradigm shift enabling detection of flow of funds, particularly to eliminate financi ng of terrorism. Expansion of the scope of corporate governance regimes appears inevitable, thus, creating an unprecedented jurisprudential challenge to extant constitutional notions. The above and several other aspects require in-depth examination and analysis, including: what would be the repercussions of over-institutionalising internal corporate structures (by forming committees and sub-committees)? Would externalization of the board result in cost overruns and otherwise cause greater administrative and organizational expense and what alternatives may be recommended to minimize such costs without compromising due effectiveness, transparency and similar underlying considerations? Would good faith presumption in favor of the management be reversed? Would corporate jurisprudence evolve other ethically tested modes of corporate conduct, including a new corporate vehicle in place of the existing structure of a corporate entity? With the incorporation of the Pakistan Institute of Corporate Governance a nd SECPs continued strive to reforming the capital market in Pakistan, we hope to have a more effective response to the challenges highlighted above, and to those that would follow

Classifications of Types of Friendships - 850 Words

Dardenella Braxton Instructor Mike Catello ENG 1010 P04 August 22, 2012 Classification of types of Friendships Acquaintances Best Friends Casual Relationships Colleagues Comrades Fair Weather Friends Internet Friends Open Relationships Pen Pals Soul Mates The word friend has been used as a verb in the English language since the early 15th Century. The term comes from German origin and has existed since the founding of Old English. The word friendship is one of its derivatives that is used to indicate supportive and co-operative behavior between two or more persons. The term implies to persons in a relationship that involves mutual knowledge, esteem, affection, and respect. Along with a degree of providing services to†¦show more content†¦A soul mate is someone people feel is the person who the stars and heavens, the Gods and the universe have planned to eventually meet and ultimately become partners in life. Persons who have found this type of friendship, are considered fortunate, and sometimes even envied by others. This friendship, yet again, comes from having a sense of mutual respect and esteem that is consistent with the definition of what friendships are based upon. These are classifications most individuals are familiar with. Although there may be some that are not mentioned herein, there is enough of a variety to provide a sense of how one interprets the word friend. Braxton Page 3 WORKS CITED Suite101: Language Study http://ss.suite101.com/languagestudy.xml The Origin of the Word Friend: How Friend Entered the English Language l Suite101.com http://suite101.com/article/the-origin-of-the-word-friend-a85514 Acquaintance - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acquaintance Colleague - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colleague?show=0t=1345733864 Comrade - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comrade Pen pal - Definition and More from theShow MoreRelatedPositve Psychology and Aristotles Virtue Ethics Converge Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagespsychology describes the â€Å"good life† as being pleasant, engaging, meaningful, and full of achievements and connections. Seligman proposes positive subjective experiences illicit and promote positive emotions. Positive psychology distinguishes two types of happiness that can be derived from experiences and events: Hedonic and eudemonic happiness. Hedonism describes immediate sensory gratification, with focus on the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain; Conversely, eudemonia, describesRead MoreEssay Three Types of Love1072 Words   |  5 PagesThree types of love: eros, philos and agape. Love is a concept that one can explain with many different words. It is very easy to tell the definition of love but difficult to live in the real life. Love is something that is intrinsically in our nature. One can definite love, but one cannot dictate how, when and where love expresses itself. Plato, an old Greek philosopher describes three types of love in his book the Banquet. All of these classifications of love do happen in the human world, althoughRead MoreFriendship, Love, And Love1401 Words   |  6 PagesFriendship and romantic love are two of the most fundamental relationships that human beings engage in. As social animals, most humans are naturally drawn to form bonds of affection with other people. Both friendship and love, however, are difficult to fully define and conceptualize. The fundamental meaning of each has changed throughout the course of human history and appears in different forms among different cultures. Modern interpretations of friendship and love will guide this explication, asRead MoreClassification and Division: Levels of Friendship1247 Words   |  5 PagesClassification and Division: Levels of Friendship A great sense of humor, adventurous, honest and great advice are all characteristics that come to mind when people think of the word â€Å"friend†. Friends are an essential part of living. They help one another when life gets rough, and it is always a good feeling to have a friend with you. We always want to share our thoughts with someone who understands us, and who shares common interests. Since humans are social creatures, it is no wonder friendsRead MoreA Curiosity Of Benefits And Self Love1463 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits and Self-Love in Friendships Reading Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, it is tempting to conclude that Aristotle provides clear explanation about the benefits of friendship and the idea of self-love. Throughout his examples of friendship, Aristotle supports his assumptions with evidence and real-world situations. His arguments about self-love and benefits from having friends seem clear and understandable to the reader. However, Aristotle unsuccessfully explains why friendship is primarily about activityRead MoreDescription And Objective Of Friendship Baptist Church1507 Words   |  7 PagesProduct Description/Objective Friendship Missionary Baptist Church seeks to connect people who are seeking or looking for deep moral truths and values based in love, selflessness and service to others with the Life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Friendship Baptist Church, founded in 1976, by a small contingency of disgruntled members of a local church. The group separated from the offending church and elected their first leader. A demographic profile of the group is African American (five women andRead MoreSocial And Social Data Analysis1471 Words   |  6 PagesKeywords—Location-based services, query processing, group queries,social constraints. I. INTRODUCTION Social knowledge refers to knowledge people produce that’s wittingly and voluntarily shared by them. Price and overhead antecedently rendered this semi-public type of communication in feasible, however advances in social networking technology from2004-2010 has created broader ideas of sharing doable. With the speedy development of location-aware mobile devices, ubiquitous web access and social computing technologiesRead MoreClassification Of Love And Love908 Words   |  4 Pages Brinkley Mueller ENG 101 Professor Hill 10/1/15 Classification of Love What is love? This is one of the most difficult questions for all of mankind. In the Bible you could find many different verses pertaining to love and what â€Å"love† is or how you should act towards someone you love. In first Corinthians 13:4 it states: â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It has no envy, nor it boasts itself and it is never proud.† â€Å"Love knows no limits, no boundaries, and no limitations. It is unconditional, limitlessRead MoreWomen During The World War1394 Words   |  6 Pagesloving â€Å"female friendship.† These two women had taken each other as â€Å"companions for life† and had been together for forty years. They shared a house, money, and even a bed. During this period, and up until the early twentieth century, women were not thought of as sexual beings. Society viewed women as passionless creatures with mundane leisures. While this concept of the â€Å"lesbian† did not yet exist and would not for quite some ti me. These relationships were known as â€Å"romantic friendships† or â€Å"BostonRead MoreAutism And Childhood Of Autism Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pageseducation classification, thus creating further expansion in the autism spectrum to include Asperger’s Syndrome in the DSM in 1994 (Gibbs et al., 2012). The addition of Asperger’s to the DSM provided the autism spectrum to embrace tempered cases with higher functioning individuals. To conclude the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, the newly updated version DSM-5, combines all subdivisions of the disorder into one umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder as described by two types: Diminished

Sexual Behavior And Sexual Identity Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(185) " the widely promoted misconception that WSWs are at low hazard for HIV, the respondent ‘s perceptual experience of hazard was noted as the â€Å" most common ground for proving\." HIV is no longer entirely stigmatising the â€Å" cheery white male. † In recent old ages, the menace has spread to more diverse populations, including adult females who have sex with adult females ( WSWs ) practising multiple sexual behaviours, while presuming a assortment of sexual individualities. Yet, the information, intercessions and research available today continue providing to the original face of this deathly disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Behavior And Sexual Identity Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the turning organic structure of research, WSWs remain â€Å" unseeable † to authorities research workers, private wellness attention suppliers and community wellness organisations. Therefore where services for WSW are readily available, suppliers frequently fail to acknowledge the differentiation between sexual behaviour and sexual individuality, a misconception merely farther reinforced by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) as it continues to categorise adult females infected by female-to-female transmittal harmonizing to past sexual and drug behaviours. In add-on to a reasonably common belief that WSWs are immune to HIV, this community is frequently dismissed upon unwraping their sexual individuality for a figure of grounds. As noted by Diamond, there is an â€Å" premise among scientists and laypeople alike that reliable sexual orientation develops early and is consistent through one ‘s life. † This writer goes on to farther stress that, â€Å" what is reliable is what is stable. † The subjective manner in which many position sexual individuality has been a primary subscriber to the huge array of steps available to research workers for measuring hazardous behaviours with respect to sexual orientation. Ultimately, this dismissive, inattentive and even mocking respect for adult females who have sex with adult females has put an already vulnerable and turning part of the United State ‘s population at even greater hazard for HIV every bit good as STI ‘s ( sexually transmitted infections ) . From the supplier ‘s point of view, issues faced by members of this sexual wellness minority seeking information and resources are slightly associated with those issues faced by organisations fighting to function specific patronage. Within the metropolis of Chicago, those suppliers turn toing the sexual wellness demands of WSW are few and far between. For the few in being, publicity of services to the intended demographic can be disputing for several grounds: 1 ) presuming exchangeability of sexual orientation ( or ignoring the demand for categorical sexual wellness services ) can skew the best agencies for measuring plan efficaciousness ; at the same clip 2 ) if agencies for finding a participant ‘s sexual orientation are flatly specific, one misclassification can ensue in inefficiency or mis-direction of resources toward those with lesser demand off from those with greater demand. Findingss from recent surveies underline the danger in presuming excessively much about mark groups and their high/low-risk sexual patterns. Though research may uncover some groups to be more vulnerable for certain diseases than others, this statistical difference by no agency justifies the gross instability in focal point, funding and/or support. RESEARCH Question: What sexual wellness services are available for WSW ( adult females who have sex with adult females ) within the metropolis of Chicago and how are these service organisations aiming patronages in footings of turn toing the intersection of sexual behaviour and individuality? Hypothesis: With an highly limited figure of suppliers active in Chicago, few resources are available for WSW. If an organisation provides services for WSW, so they most likely do so on the footing of sexual individuality accordingly restricting their chance to turn to the single client ‘s potentially bad sexual behaviour. LITERATURE REVIEW: Numerous surveies suggest that adult females who have sex with adult females are at low hazard for HIV and the subsequent famine of dedicated HIV/STI bar services for this community seems to reenforce these sentiments. Yet, rates of infection for HIV/STIs amongst WSW are on the rise and activist alliances comprised of adult females populating positively state broad are get downing to talk out. The battle to supply sexual wellness services for a population that has been mostly overlooked by the medical community now demands national attending. Reasons for the current deficiency of information and resources, every bit good as challenges faced by active service suppliers are debated and analyzed severally in the literature reviewed. There are a figure of issues that contribute to the wellness disparities faced by WSW. For illustration, the Women ‘s Health Initiative, a US sample of 96,000 older adult females, found that tribades and bisexual adult females were significantly more likely to be uninsured compared to heterosexual adult females ( 10, 12 and 7 % severally ) ( Valanis et al. , 2000 ) . The deficiency of insured WSW may be, harmonizing to Arend, due to homophobia on the portion of the physicians and nurses. Patient studies of homophobia in the medical universe are seting WSW at an even greater hazard: â€Å" since attention suppliers may non further swearing relationships with in which their patients could experience comfy unwraping their sexual individuality and behaviour. † It must be noted that a client can non seek wellness services that do non be, or she is less willing to make so if she has either experienced stigma or anticipates a stigmatizing environment ( Dean et al. , 2000 ; Meye r A ; Northridge, 2007 ) . Although the CDC considers female-to-female HIV transmittal a â€Å" rare happening, † instance studies every bit good as some surveies and a smattering of publications point out that non merely are vaginal fluids and catamenial blood potentially infective, but rates of infection amongst adult females who have sex with adult females are presently on the rise ( survey by lady at conference, CDC, Arend ) * . In the article, â€Å" HIV Testing Among Lesbian Womans: Social Context and Subjective Meanings, † Dolan and Davis utilised studies, focal point groups and in-depth interviews to depict HIV proving experiences among a sample of 162 sapphic adult females populating in a big southeasterly US metropolis ( Dolan A ; Davis 2008, JOHNSON ) . Eighty per centum of the sample had tested at least one time, with more than 25 % holding tested five or more times. Most of the adult females tested voluntarily and despite the widely promoted misconception that WSWs are at low hazard for HIV, the respondent ‘s perceptual experience of hazard was noted as the â€Å" most common ground for proving. You read "Sexual Behavior And Sexual Identity Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" † However, the CDC continues to categorise adult females infected by female-to-female transmittal merely harmonizing to their old sexual and drug behaviours, thereby disregarding an full community and perpetuating the â€Å" sapphic unsusceptibility † stereotype. For old ages, Aids has been profiled as a â€Å" cheery white male ‘s † disease. Merely in the past decennary have wellness instruction and diverseness preparation plans sought to counter what has been referred to as ‘the de-gaying of AIDS † ( Flowers, 2001 ) and alternatively advanced the claim that AIDS is a ‘democratic ‘ or ‘equal chance ‘ virus. Unfortunately, this push to reprogram an inaccurate image has failed in two facets: First of all, developing manuals intended to battle the impression that ‘AIDS is a cheery disease ‘ overpoweringly turn readers ‘ attending off from work forces who have sex with work forces ( MSM ) to refocus it upon the heterosexual community. Mentioning statistics such as â€Å" The World Health Organization says 75 % of people with AIDS were infected through heterosexual sex † is helpful for battling the purely cheery male association, but at what point should the public consider hazards associated with adult females who have sex with adult females? Second, in add-on to overlooking a vulnerable demographic, the reprogramming of AIDS instruction has a inclination to entirely categorise gender, ensuing in the marginalisation of WSWs. Harmonizing to Bourne et al. , efforts at making more politically right intercession plans have pushed many plans back to educating through a biomedical lens: â€Å" minimising the hazard of bodily unstable exchange and set uping physical barriers between spouses. † One article highlights how â€Å" this point of view may be deficient when sing the emotionally charged sphere of sexual behaviour, which is, by its really nature, societal. † Intervention plans based on a biomedical position on safe sex tend to turn to intervention/education demands in a categorical, diagnostic mode. Bourne and Robson ‘s analysis of the biomedical attack to learning â€Å" safe sex † reveals how wellness publicity schemes which fail to take history of the complexnesss of lived experience are, as a consequence, mostly ignored by the mark population as being incompatible with their demands. Properly turn toing the demands of a peculiar sexual minority group ever draws attending to a cardinal, on-going argument in gender and wellness. The dissension over which issue to turn to first, behaviour or individuality, is seeable throughout the literature reviewed. Diamond notes, there is an â€Å" premise among scientists and laypeople alike that reliable sexual orientation develops early and is consistent through one ‘s life † ( 2009:52 ) . What is reliable is what is stable. â€Å" So the familiar battlefields are drawn: fixed=biological= deserving of credence and protection, whereas variable=chosen=fair game for stigma and favoritism † ( Diamond 2009:246 ) . * Some writers, nevertheless, argue that sexual orientation is non one thing. Rather, it has many constituents, including behaviour, individuality and desire. For some, behaviour may be a defining characteristic of their sexual orientation, while for others desire may be the most of import ( Tabatabai ) * . Sexual behaviour is less of import for adult females as they consider their sexual orientation ( Peplau and Garnets 2000 ) . Some experts conclude that prosecuting in sexual behaviour with a member of the same gender is non a requirement for placing in a peculiar manner and a recent Indiana University survey supports this theory. The 2010 study of Thirty showed that while X % of adult females surveyed identified as heterosexual, XXX had engaged in same sex sexual behaviours. Numerous articles highlighted hazards associated with sexual wellness service suppliers turn toing sexual individuality entirely, but the ways in which the faculty member and medical community approach sexual behaviour and designation remain subjective, thereby perpetuating wellness disparities amongst WSW. When revelation becomes a battle, so does efficaciously providing to the client ‘s yesteryear, present, or possible bad sexual behaviours. So, at the supplier degree, after an organisation decides whether to offer intercession scheduling directed at adult females who have sex with adult females, the best theoretical account for carry oning client outreach and best methods for finding proper individualized attention take centre phase. * While some adult females are really unfastened about both their diseases and sexual individuality, others are loath to discourse these issues due to frights of culturally-based stigmas against homosexualism and HIV, homophobia and maltreatment signifier medical professionals and disaffection from household members and larger communities. * Thus, a supplier motivated to make more for WSW wellness can make little with deficient support, inaccurate information or a limited outreach theoretical account. Harmonizing to a 2008 auxiliary issue within the Journal of Homosexuality, the usage of inclusive signifiers, linguistic communications and treatments that do non presume the person ‘s individuality, orientation, behaviour and relationship position are important for easing optimum bringing of attention and services. * Intake signifiers are, therefore, the first and sometimes last chance a supplier has to link with their client. Research is limited and what is available is overpoweringly theoretical. A quantitative appraisal of adult females ‘s sexual individuality and how it aligns with their behaviour is good for efficaciously patterning intercession plans. A qualitative analysis and cross-organizational appraisal of organisations presently supplying services in the Chicago country is good for finding outreach efficaciousness. Ratess of infection amongst WSW are quickly on the rise, yet the research community has been slow to react. This survey aims to pull attending to a sexual minority that is frequently overlooked by all three social sectors and foregrounding multiple barriers toward having equal attention is the first measure in bettering sexual wellness service efficaciousness for WSW. RESEARCH DESIGN: Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be utilized in this three-part multi-strategy research procedure: A quantitative analysis and rating of bing informations from a 2009 NYC Community Health Survey ( CHS ) will turn to the intersection of sexual behaviours and individuality. From 2002 to 2008, 10,000 grownups aged 18 and supra participated in the cross-sectional study. The CHS, based on the National Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( BRFSS ) and conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, provides informations on a sample population comparable to Chicago. The quantitative part is important in that it will showcase a statistical form in the intersection of sexual behaviour with sexual individuality. This statistical form will reenforce the demand for qualitative appraisal of bing service organisations and explorative research on the mode in which an organisation determines client service. Three bing organisations functioning WSW ( adult females who have sex with adult females ) within the metropolis of Chicago ( Planned Parenthood of Illinois, Howard Brown Health Center ‘s Lesbian Community Care Project, and Chicago Women ‘s Health Center ) will be evaluated for a bipartite qualitative part. Interviews with decision makers heading each organisation and studies with staff responsible for personally interacting with plan attendants will supply qualitative informations in this exploratory and explanatory survey. The interview responses and study consequences will so be evaluated in concurrence with an analysis of each organisation ‘s intake signifier ( a standard paper signifier used for finding new client demands ) . Examination of said signifier will function to expose the mode in which each organisation categorizes and later â€Å" dainties † their clients. Textual analysis and qualitative in-depth observation of all three organisations will find whether WSW sexual wellness services are based upon the client ‘s sexual behaviour or the sexual individuality they declared upon consumption. Pairing the qualitative ratings with the quantitative research findings from a comparable population provides greater apprehension of the service demands within Chicago, the best methods for outreach and the issues that potentially arise from these current outreach methods. How to cite Sexual Behavior And Sexual Identity Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

CD

CD-ROM Essay CD and Data Storage TechnologyFigure 1Optical storage techniques make use of the pinpoint precision possible only with laser beams. Alaser uses a concentrated, narrow beam of light, focused and directed with lenses, prisms, and mirrors. The tight focus of the laser beam is possible because the light is all the same wavelength. There are two common types of optical technology. The most widely us3ed type is compact disk (CD) technology, which is used in CD-ROM, WORM, PhotoCD, and CD-Recordable. The other type, is a hybrid that combines magnetic and optical technology. These devices are known as magno-optical drives. The familiar audio compact disk is a popular medium for storing music. In the computer world, however, the medium is called compact disk, read-only memory (CD-ROM). CD-ROM uses the same technology used to produce music CDs. In fact, if you have a sound card and speakers connected to your computer, you can play CDs with your PC. The CD-ROM drive for music or data reads )s and 1s off a spinning disk by focusing a laser on the disks surface.

Citizenship Birthright Under Fire Essay Example

Citizenship Birthright Under Fire Essay Citizenship Birthright Under Fire Summary During one morning in Washington, DC, Senator Mitch McConnell who is the Senate minority leader, argued with Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina about the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. The 14th Amendment grants citizenship to anymore born in the United States. Graham spoke out saying the Amendment was a mistake because children of illegal immigrants could become citizens if they were born in the United States automatically. He also stated as well as granting legal status to millions of illegal immigrants, he would also amend the 14th Amendment in order to nullify future unauthorized immigration. Republican and Democratic lawmakers were surprised with Graham’s proposal since he was basically the only Republican to negotiate with Democrats to create an immigration overhaul bill. This debate has been centered on the citizenship clause â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. People against this amendment have argued that illegal immigrants are not under U. S. jurisdiction and therefore America-born children should not be automatically become citizens. The amendment has been practiced since the 1860’s and if the law were changed it would make babies born from Mexican mothers illegally they would become immigrants at birth. Opponents against the amendment say that Mexican mothers would have the babies here in the U. S. so that hopefully the mothers would receive citizenship. The only thing is by law American citizen children must wait until they are 21 years old to apply for legal residency for their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizenship Birthright Under Fire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Citizenship Birthright Under Fire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Citizenship Birthright Under Fire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer About 4 million citizen children have at least one parent who is an illegal immigrant. Even though Graham is pushing to reconstruct the amendment it would be huge political proposition. Opinion I woke up this morning, proud to be an American. I do not usually think would if I was born somewhere else or would if my relatives never came over to America? Or even would if the 14th Amendment was never thought of or brought up? I just go about my day as usual. If I really look into it and think about it, if my relatives never came to America, I would not be sitting here in this comfortable chair, typing this paper for my government class. As a matter of fact I, as a human being, would not be here. My grandfather’s roots are from Mexico and my grandmother’s are from Germany. If it was not for the 14th Amendment, they would have not met or have been able to be in this country. People come to America for a better life and opportunity. The U. S. is very diverse with different cultures, religions, and races and yet some people whose ancestors came over here are arguing that it is not fair for other people to have an opportunity to succeed. Yet I sort of see why they are complaining because America gets bigger every year due to people coming over

RU-486 essays

RU-486 essays The medication "mifepristone" was invented in France by Dr. Etienne-Emile Baulieu in 1980. It is widely know as "RU-486" throughout North America. The letters is taken from the initials of the pharmaceutical company Roussel-Uclaf. The "486" is an arbitrary lab serial number. 1 It was first introduced in France, where it is called Mifegyne. It has been used, in combination with prostaglandin medication, to induce abortions in about 500,000 women over almost 2 decades. Over the last fifteen years, dozens of clinical studies on RU-486 have been conducted with thousands of women in over 20 countries, including France, Britain, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the U.S., Scandinavia, and the former Soviet Union. 11 In 1999, mifespristone was approved for marketing in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Israel, the Netherlands and Spain. 15 Danco Laboratories, the U.S. distributor expected to be selling the pill in that country by the end of 1999. 11 That did not happen; FDA finally approved the pill for U.S. distribution on 2000-SEP-28. It will be distributed under the name "Early Option Pill." In late 1988, Roussel-Uclaf started distribution of the drug in France. But they withdrew it after some of its personnel had received death threats. The French government forced the company to return RU-486 to the market. Claude Evin, the French health minister called "RU-486 the moral property of women, not just the property of the drug company." Pro-life pressure on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration caused them to ban the importation of RU-486 into the United States until 1993. Boycotts were organized against Roussel-Uclaf, its parent company, and its American affiliates. A non-profit, New York-based group, Population Council obtained patent rights to the pill in 1994-MAY. A clinical trial was conducted in 1994-5. Following a Food and Drug Administration hearing in 1996, the FDA Advisory Committee rec...

Computers and Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computers and Learning - Essay Example Majority of the PCs in the college use Microsoft Operating System although some of the computers are still running on Office 97. The college has achieved a milestone in networking all the computers although not all PCs have been networked but there is increased trend of networking them. With a population of about 3000 students, the University has been thinking of providing laptop to the student the expense of which will be reduced from their fees. There has been increased pressure to make sure that the students accept the offer of the laptops because whether they accept them or not, they will still be charged in the school fees. This has been in line with the introduction of my Course system in the university website which is used by lecturers to post notes and exercises. There has also been declining number of student who are attending lecturer since they can download everything from the internet. How can the college achieve a competitive edge through the harmonization of the usage of the internet The aim of the university in introducing the use of computers has been to ensure that there is efficient delivery of services. ... tion this is one of the most important strategies that the university can use in order to achieve maximum use of computer technology in the university. If the university chose to sell the existing PCs and buying new ones, then the first step would be to find a way of storing the data based in the computers and then selling all of them. Then they would come up with a procurement procedure that will ensure that all the constituent colleges buys from one supplier. With a central supply system the university will be able to standardize the computer which is supplied to all the colleges. The university would then install all the computers with the require programs. This strategy would lead to loss of most of the data which may lead to distribution of the system though this may be the most efficient way of achieving the strategy, it will come with many disadvantages. However the greatest risk to the option remains in the way the university will be able to handle the risk of loss of the data contained in the PCs. One of the advantages with the option would be that the university will be able to acquire standardize computers and hence it would be easy for maintenance since the same company can be hired for the operation. (Bardini, 1995, p. 43) But on the other hand the university can choose to upgrade the current PCs that they are using in order to come up with new ones. The will involve increasing the various component of the computer instead of buying new ones. Therefore the best strategy would be hiring of IT specialist who will upgrade the PCs to use more upgraded memory and operating speed One advantage with this strategy will be that it will be easy to handle the database since it wills income upgrading one computer at a time. Therefore the data can be transferred

Psychology (naturalistic experiment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychology (naturalistic experiment) - Essay Example It is usually used in psychology to in studying development across lifespans.In sociology it is used to study life events across generations; it's also used in the medical field to reveal predictors of a particular disease being studied. It is argued that longitudinal may have less power to detect causal relationship than in experiments as it is based on observation without manipulation of the state. However because of repeated observation they are deemed to be more powerful than cross observation study as they are able to exclude time invariant unobserved in individual observation (Bjorklund, 2000). The first step is to review the outcome of what is to be evaluated when it comes to the evaluation of the project. Survey outcome s which goes in line with the survey goals and objectives are selected. The data usually comes to the administrators in summary form. The third step is examination of data and the survey questions also their survey outcomes. The process mostly will incorporate data analysis of the objectives and the results realized (Bjorklund, 2000). Lack of care and attention left the children with low IQs and behavior compared to children with better home care. This study was carried out by American association for the advanced science in St Louis (Bjorklund, 2000). The first randomized clinical trial clinical trial... Deprivation of children of a loving home and family causes a lasting damage Deprivation of a loving home and family causes a longtime damage to their intelligence, emotional instability and affects their physical growth and development according to the study. Lack of care and attention left the children with low IQs and behavior compared to children with better home care. This study was carried out by American association for the advanced science in St Louis (Bjorklund, 2000). The first randomized clinical trial clinical trials by the Bucharest Early Intervention Projects revealed deprivation on emotional, psychological and physical health to children. The trials were set up to established the effects of social deprivation .The study ran for five years and recorded the wellbeing of Romanian orphanage from the early age and the change that occurred when they were moved to foster care. The research realized that children living in deprived conditions in this case the orphanage suffered from stunted growth falling within the shortest 10% for their age. When the showed outstanding growth moved to fostered care spurts of even five times they were growing. They also seem to undergo through puberty faster and at a younger age thus missing out long spells of growths that most children seem to experience. The growth can not be contributed to nutrition as it was also adequate when they were in the orphanages thus attributed to lack of attentive environment (Bjorklun d, 2000). Problems a researcher may face The first problem is getting a good sample to carry out his study. The study has to be carried out for a long period of time in order to be able to record the variables. This means the researcher should have a number of children in deprived

MENU COMPARISON ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MENU COMPARISON ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example The food items that may be conventionally prepared are seafood, entrà ©e foods, salads, soup, vegetarian meals, pasta, pizzas, sandwiches, and specialties. The food items that may be convenience are appetizers and risottos because they are mostly ordered as per the customers’ requests as additional accompaniments to the main course meals. The Villa Blanca Restaurant is a tad more expensive than the Quartino Restaurant. For instance, the cheapest salad at Villa Blanca is the char-grilled chicken salad at 15 dollars while the most expensive salad at Quartino is the Tuscan kale salad at only 9 dollars. The purchasing system of chicken is 4.5 dollars per pound at the store, which is more expensive than kale at 2 dollars at the groceries in market value, which creates the cost difference. Similarly, the most expensive pasta meal at Quartino is the linguine with clams at 12.50 dollars. The ingredients include clams with pinot grigio wine, red chili, and extra virgin olive oil, with red or white sauce. The most costly pasta meal at Villa Blanca is the penne and tiger prawns at 24 dollars. The ingredients are tiger prawns with peppery tomatoes, basil, garlic, and ground red pepper. The linguine costs 24 dollars per 12-ounce packet and clams cost 5.99 dollars per pound, while the penne costs 12 dollars per 16-ounce packet and tiger prawns costs 14 dollars per 500g packet, hence the differing contribution margins of prices from the two

Site Directed Mutagenesis of Subtilisin

Site Directed Mutagenesis of Subtilisin Introduction Subtilisin is a monomeric protein serine protease, which is produced by Gram positive bacteria and fungi.(1) Serine proteases are a subgroup of carbonyl hydrolase. These carbonyl hydrolases can be naturally occurring or recombinant. Naturally occurring carbonyl hydrolases consists of subtilisin matalloproteases, serine carboxypeptidase and thiol proteinase. In case of recombinant carbonyl hydrolase, the sequence coding for the wild type enzyme is altered to produce a mutant either by insertion, substitution or deletion of amino acid. Proteases are a diverse class of enzymes having several biological functions and specificities. The catalytic machinery of these enzymes is attributed to subtilisin and mammalian chymotrypsin related bacterial serine protease.(2) They are responsible for cleaving peptide bonds found in proteins. The proteases play an important role in cell wall turnover and are maximally expressed in the stationary phase. Serine proteases have molecular weights ranging f rom 25,000-30,000. They are inhibited by diidopropylfluorophosphate but are resistant to EDTA ( ethylene diamaine tetra acetic acid.) (3) The amino acid sequences of several subtilisins like subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin BPN, and subtilisin DY are known. Subtilisin BPN is a 275 amino acid serine protease, which is secreted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This enzyme is industrially important and its gene has been cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis. This molecule has two enzyme binding sites- one of the site binds weakly to cations and the other one binds calcium with high affinity. These calcium binding sites are common characteristics of microbial proteases since they contribute towards kinetic and thermodynamic stability. Subtilisin is majorly used in industries wherein the environment contains high levels of metal chelators which remove the calcium from subtilisin , thus reducing its stability. It would be highly beneficial to create a stable subtilisin which would be independent of calcium. These mutated subtilisin enzymes will have an enhanced stability even in the presence of detergents and chaotropic ag ents. X-ray crystallographic analysis of mutants revealed that the conformational changes due to the mutations are localized, with very less distortion of the backbone structure. Thus a large increase in stability can be obtained with very minor changes in the protein structure. Mutants can be created by deletion, addition or substitution of amino acids at positions 75-83. The deletion of amino acids 75-83 has shown to eliminate the calcium binding site while still retaining its enzymatic activity. However, calcium free subtilisins are susceptible to proteolysis. This can be overcome by converting the active site serine 221 to cysteine (S221C). This allows the protein to fold without any auto-degradation by proteolysis. A recombinant DNA was created which encoded an active subtilisin protein without the ability to bind to calcium. The protein had no codons which specifies amino acids 75-83 and had certain additional stabilizing mutations at the N-terminal amino acids 1-8 or the ÃŽ ± helix amino acids 70-74 or the helix turn amino acids 84-89. Suitable host cells were transformed with an expression vector containing this DNA segment. Upon culturing the host cells the enzymatically active subtilisin mutant was expressed and recovered.(1) Fabric cleaning compositions containing subtilisin BPN mutants The ability to hydrolyze proteins can be exploited by incorporating these proteases as an additive to laundry detergents. Most of the stains on clothes are proteinaceous and these enzymes can efficiently aid in their removal. The amino acid sequence of the protease is responsible for its characteristics. The subtilisin BPN variants have modifications at 2-3 amino acid positions. This variant has an increased hydrolytic power and decreased adsorption to an insoluble substrate as compared to the original subtilisin. A decreased adsorption to the substrate results in a better cleaning performance. In subtilisin BPN, the amino acids ranging from position 199-220 form a large exterior loop on the molecule. This loop plays an important role in mediating the adsorption of enzyme to the surface bound peptide and mutations in this region will affect the adsorption. The substituting amino acids in case of a mutation are either neutral or negatively charged. The substituting amino acid for position 199 is mostly His, Ala, Cys, Pro, Glu, Asp, Gly, Asn or Gln and for position 207 is Glu or Asp. The cleaning compositions comprise of 0.001-1% of one or more enzyme variants. The enzyme variants can be used along with other conventional ingredients to produce efficient fabric laundry composition. These fabric cleaning compositions also contain various zwitterionic or anionic surfactants, hydrotopes, dyes or pigments, primary or secondary alcohols, chelating agents and brighteners. Fermentation: The Bacillus subtilis cells having the subtilisin mutant are allowed to grow till mid log phase in LB glucose broth and is then inoculated into a fermentor. The cells are grown overnight at 37ËÅ ¡C. Chloramphenicol is added for the antibiotic selection of mutagenized plasmid. The cells are removed from the broth by centrifugation The enzyme is purified by affinity adsorption or cation exchange chromatography. The active enzyme concentration is determined by the pNA assay. ( para nitro anilide) This assay measures the rate at which pNA is released as the enzyme hydrolyses the substrate. The rate at which the yellow colour is produced is measured at 410nm with the help of a spectrophotometer and is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration. The total protein concentration can also be estimated by determining the absorbance at 280nm. (4) Production of subtilisin variants Techniques used in microbiology, molecular biology, protein purification and recombinant DNA technology are all used in developing a subtilisin variant, which is a part of dish washing and fabric cleaning compositions. Cassette mutagenesis method for production of protease variants The gene encoding the protease is sequenced The sequence is screened for a point at which desired mutation can be made The sequences flanking this region are checked for the presence of restriction enzyme site so as to replace a short segment of the gene with an oligonucleotide which will then encode various mutants. The gene is mutated by primer extension The oligonucleotides are synthesized to have the same restriction sites, eliminating the need for synthetic linkers to create the restriction site. The genes coding for serine proteases of B.amyloliquefaciens, B.subtilis and B.licheniformis can be used as targets for mutagenesis. The gene can be inserted into a suitable vector and introduced into a host strain ( Bacillus PB92) for expression and production of mutant proteases. These mutations / substitutions enhance the performance and stability of subtilisin in detergent compositions. These serine proteases can be used in the form of granules and liquid composition both in laundry dishwashing and cosmetic applications. These enzymes are often in the form of encapsulated particles in order to protect it from the other components. Encapsulation also improves the enzyme performance and helps in regulating its availability. The encapsulating material can be derived from carbohydrates, silicates, polyvinyl alcohol, borates, PEG or paraffin waxes. Fabric cleaning performance by Blood Milk Ink microswatch assay. (BWI) This assay is performed on a microtitre plate. Samples of the subtilisin variants and reference subtilisin are obtained from filtered culture broths. 10ul samples of the enzyme are added to the BWI swatch plate along with 90ul of working detergent solution. The plates are incubated for 30 minutes. 100ul of the supernatant is transferred into a new microtiter plate and its absorbance is measured. Control wells contain the detergent solution without the protease sample. The measurement at 450nm tracks pigment removal and at 600nm tracks turbidity and cleaning. The performance index (PI) of the variant is calculated. PI compares the performance of variant and reference enzyme at the same protein concentration. PI>1 the variant is better than the wild type. PI=1 variant and standard have the same performance PI

Reflecting on My College Experience :: Personal Reflection

When I first enrolled here at State University, I never thought I would ever be in the position to graduate. Finishing college was a huge goal growing up but it was also my biggest fear. But after three and a half years of dedication I plan to get my degree in the fall. Getting this far in college was not easy, it took encouragement from family, dedication, and assistance from others to reach this position. Many years ago I remember my parents telling me that in order for me to become successful a college education was a must. They always told me that if I wasn’t in school I could no longer live at home. Both of my parents attended college but neither of them finished. They did not want me to go down that same road because they really regret not getting their degrees. My grades in elementary school were poor because I had trouble paying attention to things that were not challenging. I tried to play sick just about every day but my parent were not falling for it. My favorite classes were gym, music, and art. Competing in sports is where I spent most of my time. The words of my parents and teachers went in one ear and out the other. â€Å"School just wasn’t interesting to me† My senior year of high school I decided to dedicate my self to school work. All I did was take school a little more seriously and pay attention. Before you know it I had made the honor roll for the first time and continue to make it the rest of the year. Finally the extra work was reflecting in my grades. My parents were glad to see that my education had some meaning. That summer after school I just wanted to find a job and start making some money. Going to college for anther four year was something I thought I could not handle. I final got a job at UPS unloading trucks. At first I thought how hard could it be? But every day I would come home exhausted from working in the heat. And then when I got tiny pay check, it hit me. From then on I decided that manual labor was something that I could not do the rest of my life and I could definitely not support a family on that income. A job behind a desk in the air conditioning was what I wanted.

“My Papa’s Waltz” by Theodore Roethke Essay

â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke, is an intriguing poem about a memory of a boy and his father waltzing around the house. The ambiguity in this poem can lead to two very different interpretations. It can be seen as a child terrorized by an abusive father or a child having a playful romp with his father before bedtime. In this poem, Roethke uses metaphors, similes, imagery, and structure to make a strong impression on the reader. In the beginning, the speaker shows that he might not be having as much fun with the waltz as he would have thought. â€Å"But I hung on like death: / Such waltzing was not easy.† (line 4). Since the boy must hang on â€Å"like death†, it shows that the waltz is not just â€Å"not easy†. This line is also an example of a simile. The boy is hanging onto his father so hard that he is as inescapable as death. If the waltz in the poem is thought of as an extended metaphor for the relationship between the boy and his fa ther, the son could be writing that his entire relationship with his father wasn’t easy. As the poem goes on, the waltz gradually gets more and more difficult as well as his relationship with his father. In the third stanza, the father keeps missing steps and scratches the boy in the process. This could also be a metaphor for all of the mistakes that the father has made in real life which could hurt the boy in nonphysical ways as well. By using imagery in this poem, Roethke helps the reader to connect with the boy. One use of imagery in the poem is when the boy and the father â€Å"romp† around the kitchen. The word romp means to play roughly or energetically. The reader can see here that not only tha â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† has a simple rhyme scheme of ABAB. Although the rhyme scheme helps with the flow of the poem, there are many slant rhymes that disrupt the flow as well. For example the word â€Å"dizzy† sounds very similar to â€Å"easy† but they are not perfect rhymes. Roethke also writes this poem in an iambic trimeter. Similar to the iambic pentameter which has a classic five beats per line, each line in the poem consists of three beats. Not only is the poem about a waltz, but it is becoming one as well since there are three beats in a waltz. This contributes to how a  person reads the poem as well as the tone of the poem.

Adobe PageMaker essays

Adobe PageMaker essays Adobe "portable document format" (PDF) enables users to include complex data like spreadsheets, graphics, and presentation material into a single universally compatible file format. This miraculous bit of software eliminates cross-platform problems that Mac and PC users encounter as well as PC users using different versions of Windows or different brands of software. Regardless of the word processing application, spreadsheet application, or image editor used to create the initial document, PDF can recognize and encompass all of these. One of the most remarkable uses for PDF files is their ability to be shared online among a variety of different users. Furthermore, PDF can be used to create forms that users can fill in on their computer and later print out or submit as PDF. As a result, PDF is commonly used to exchange and distribute government documents. Another benefit of PDF is the relative compactness of the file size, as well as their ability to be read on handheld PC devices and be accessible even to the visually impaired. Finally, PDF files can be made secure by using digital signatures for authenticity. Adobe PageMaker has been used to create a variety of business and creative publications like calendars, brochures, flyers, and newsletters that are usually printed out. PageMaker offers versatility in the layout process and can produce professional-quality publications. Furthermore, if a document like a newsletter is created in PageMaker it can be converted to PDF format and posted on the Web. That way, friends could download or view the newsletter by simply downloading a free version of the Acrobat Reader or Adobe Reader. They would not have to have PageMaker installed on their computer. However, if the friend wanted to make changes to the newsletter, such as altering the content, graphics, or the layout, PageMaker would be ...

20 Argumentative Essay Topics Hooking Facts on Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser

20 Argumentative Essay Topics Hooking Facts on Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser Coming up with topics for argumentative essays can be quite challenging for students, especially if you’ve decided to work on it a few days (or a few hours) before the deadline. If your next assignment is to write an argumentative essay on Eric Schlosser’s book, â€Å"Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal†, you can easily take on this challenge if you have the right topic in mind. To get your creativity going here are 20 topics you can use. Should Hospitals Ban Fast Food Outlets? Healthier Fast Food Choices and Awareness Will Improve Health Low Work Wages in the US Fast Food Industry Are Costing Taxpayers Is Fast Food Cheaper Than Home-Cooked Meals? The Hidden Costs of Obesity and Excessive Junk Food Consumption Is Fast Food as Addictive as Drugs? Should Governments Impose More Taxes on Junk Food? Junk Food Packaging Should Come with Health Warnings Famous Public Figures Should be Banned from Promoting Soda and Junk Foods As Bad as Smoking: Should There Be an Age Restriction On Eating Fast Food? The Link Between Fast Food and Child Obesity The Fast Food Industry Needs a Paradigm Shift Fast Food’s Effects on the Brain’s Pleasure Centers The Psychology of Fast Food Marketing How McDonald’s Utilized Disney’s Marketing Approach Eating Fast Food Can Make You Depressed Overcoming Fast Food Addiction: Time for Extreme Measures Do Healthy Options on Fast Food Menus Help? Causes of The Rapid Rise of Fast Food Restaurants Eliminating The Junk Out of Junk Food: Can We Turn the Fast Food Industry Around? The topics are an eclectic mix of direct claims and general themes that are directly related to the issues which Schlosser focuses on in his book. There is also a list of authoritative sources and materials at the end of which you can use to lend credence to your essay. However, if you are still at a loss for ideas, check out our list of 10 facts on Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser for an argumentative essay and further inspiration. Also check out the detailed guide on how to write an argumentative essay on Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser to properly write your own. These resources aside, refer to our sample essay below to get a better idea about how to properly structure an argumentative essay on Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser. This example can be used as a template and as a guide about what kind of content you need to include to draft a clear and balanced piece of writing. Sample Argumentative Essay on Labor Practices in the Fast Food Industry The fast food industry has been held responsible for numerous problems affecting the American society. Advertising to children and providing high-carbs and low-nutritional value foods, however, are only some of the main concerns of people in this industry. The matter of labor practices has become one of the prominent issues and a subject for debate in the past ten years. There are three reasons why this has become a major issue. First off, the fast food industry has the tendency to overwork its employees. Secondly, the industry has been known to pay their workers the minimum wage. Finally, there are almost no benefits for the employees of this industry. All of these lead to poverty-stricken workers who are worked to the bone. In fact, in â€Å"Modern Slavery. US Fast-food Industry Thriving on Poverty-stricken Workers†, Finian Cunningham wrote that millions of fast food employees are â€Å"so exploited it is estimated that more than half of them can only make ends meet by relying on some form of government handout.† Cunningham also writes that many fast food employees finish their shifts only to return to homeless shelters since they cannot afford to purchase homes of their own or rent apartments for their families. Even then, they do not get the peace they deserve as they are too tired to carry out their daily routines. To drive this point, he gives the example of former Dunkin Donuts employer Maria Fernandez. The 32-year-old woman has been doing back-to-back shifts at multiple outlets in the greater New York area. Unfortunately, she was too tired after being overworked one day, that she slept in her car between shifts. She died that day from asphyxiation caused by the exhaust fumes of her car. With an estimate of 2.25 million Americans working in fast food restaurants in the U.S., labor practices need to be tackled head on to ensure the survival and effective growth of the â€Å"fast food nation†. Numerous authors, including Eric Schlosser, have revealed the harsh realities of the labor practices in this industry among other controversies. Schlosser also used the example of teenager Elisa, who was hired because members of her age group are considered easier to control due to their inexperience, making them cheaper to hire since they are willing to accept a lower pay. If teenagers were unwilling to work at a place, the fast food industry replaced them with poor immigrants and the elderly. Now there have been studies showing that employees enjoy working in this industry. A study by Michael Benner, an Iowa State University student, uncovered that high school employees at McDonald’s enjoy their work because of reasons such as easy money and the lack of other job opportunities without a degree in hand. Moreover, the fast food chain seems easier as it operates on an assembly line system, breaking down the tasks of the restaurant. Despite these so-called perks, do not justify the lower wages which prevent workers from leading a meaningful existence. You can definitely come up with a better essay if you put your mind to it. So, make sure to start working right away or else your deadline will engulf you. References: Campbell, D. (2015). Ban Fast-Food Outlets from Hospitals, MPs Demand. the Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/25/ban-fast-food-outlets-nhs-hospitals-mps Eating Fast Food. (2016). org. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/DiningOut/Eating-Fast-Food_UCM_301473_Article.jsp McVeigh, K. (2013). Low Fast-Food Wages Come at High Cost to US Taxpayers, says Report. the Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/15/fast-food-low-wages-high-cost-taxpayers Bittman, M. (2011). Is Junk Food Really Cheaper?. com. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from nytimes.com/2011/09/25/opinion/sunday/is-junk-food-really-cheaper.html Rehel, J. (2016). A Healthy Diet Costs $2,000 a Year More Than an Unhealthy One for Average Family of Jour: Harvard study. National Post. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from http://news.nationalpost.com/health/a-healthy-diet-costs-2000-a-year-more-than-an-unhealthy-one-for-average-family-of-four-harvard-study Benfield, F. Caid, Matthew D. Raimi, and Donald D. T. Chen. Once There Were Greenfields: How Urban Sprawl Is Undermining Americas Environment, Economy, and Social Fabric. Washington, D.C.: National Resources Defense Council, 1999. Emerson, Robert L. The New Economics of Fast Food.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. Card, D., Krueger, A. (2000). Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1397-1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1397 Garber, A., H. Lustig, R. (2011). Is Fast Food Addictive?. Current Drug Abuse Reviewse, 4(3), 146-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874473711104030146 Zhong, C-B. DeVoe, S.E. (2010). You Are How You Eat: Fast Food and Impatience. Psychological Science. DOI: 10.1177/0956797610366090

Case Commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Commentary - Essay Example The bone of contention was that while domestic companies were allowed to set their own individual baselines, the foreign companies were not allowed to set their own baselines and had to comply with those established by the Act.12 The US government argued that while it was possible to evaluate the small number of domestic companies compliance with the Act based on their baselines, using the same approach for foreign companies that were more in number would place an unjustified quantitative pressure on the Environment Protection Agency (EPA). The statutory baselines for the foreign companies were, therefore, necessary to allow EPA function. They further argued that the Act was absolutely necessary and in compliance with Article XX for human health protection, clean air and conservation of exhaustible natural resources. This case was unique in that while it pursued the greater environmentalist goals, it was based on trade disputes thus its arbitration by the WTO appellate body was justified.34 On 24th January 1995, Venezuela requested a WTO address while Brazil did the same on 10th April 1995. The two countries alleged that the US Clean Air Act discriminated against their rights and violated the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Articles 1 and 3, and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Article 2. On 10th April 1995, a panel was set up to review the complaints and evidence presented by Venezuela. The panel was finally formulated on 26th April 1995. Upon a request from Brazil, a third panel was set up on 19th June 1995 to specifically review Brazilian complaints and evidence. On 31st may 1995 it was decided that the two panels reviewing Venezuelan and Brazilian evidences and complaints be coalesced into a single panel. The decision to coalesce the two panels was reached in accordance with Article 9 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).56 The panel concluded its review and

Letter of Recomendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of Recomendation - Essay Example first impression of (Name of employee) was nothing extraordinary until he finally opened his mouth to ask me what he could be expecting to learn from this military job. In this first encounter alone, I knew that (Name of employee) was that employee who would flourish in the real world not merely because of what he is capable of learning but most importantly his willingness to learn from others. As I got to know (Name of employee) better, I would say that I am able to discover his values not only as an employee but at the same time as a person that I believe are ingredients to a good future law maker. In the simplest manner of how (Name of employee) is able to maintain his dedication to whatever task is required of him has impressed me especially because most people of his age would easily lose motivation and attention. Aside from that, I admire his maturity in dealing with conflict which is inevitable especially in working in groups. Despite different opinions from among his workmates, he is able to come up with a unifying resolution. (Name of employee) also possesses a lot of other admirable qualities that would be very significant in his road to becoming a successful student of the law. He is very diligent in his work and does not crack under pressure which is very important, considering the amount of reading required in law school. He is also very time conscious and knows how to balance his time for his family, friends, work, and fun. This for me is a good mix for a happy and motivated law student, instead of a burnt out law student which is common today. Being able to communicate one’s thoughts in the midst of pressure is indeed a quality that (Name of employee) possesses. I believe that this will enable him to voice out his arguments better in law school. Also, this is very instrumental in shaping him as a person, how he chooses to prioritize things and also his decision making that is not mainly based on emotions, instead with utmost consideration for

Technical writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Technical writing - Essay Example cking are still being looked into, the various department heads of the company have decided to restrict the use of the email address to only official business until further notice. Our IT staff will also closely monitor the use of the email system and call the attention of those who violate the new policy. Continued violation of the new email policy will result in employee dismissal. Due to the delicate nature of our POS business, our company has decided to implement a Unique Employee Password Generation system on a monthly basis to replace our old individiualized password system that was based upon personal choice. This change is being undertaken by our IT department in cooperation with our Human Resources Department over the next month. You may access your Unique Employee Password by undertaking the following steps: Should you have any problems accessing your POS rights after the assignment of the new password, please do not hesitate to call the attention of Lisa Loeb at lisa.loeb@smssales.com. She is our point person during the implementation of this new project and she will always be on call to help you sort out any problems you might have as we slowly roll out this new password system. As a valued member of Eco Hotel and Spas Nature Lovers Club, it is my honor and privilege to present you with this free voucher for a weekend stay at our newest and most environmentally friendly hotel, the Azure Beach Resort. Our newest waterfront hotel this side of Beverly Hills. Located in on the north side of Beverly Hills, the beach boasts of the finest white sand this side of California, the bluest water to rival the color of our skies, and the pristine and almost untouched by human hands natural beauty of the forest adjacent to the hotel and beach. This members only beach resort shall have its soft opening on June 15, 2013 with only a handful of carefully selected Nature Lovers Club members gracing the occassion. I am more than pleased to have this opportunity to

Historical Critical Perspective on the Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay Example for Free

Historical Critical Perspective on the Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay The paper will focus on criticizing the works of Langston Hughes in the basis of his life and influence of his surroundings. The historical perspectives will be the basis of criticizing his works. How the political and social aspects did influenced him to create his poetries. The life and works of Hughes in response to his adamant life will be discussed critically in this paper. Langston Hughes Life Born at Mississippi in 1902, Langston was the son of both African American citizens. In his growth, his environment was stained with racial discrimination issues which were instigated by his grandmother and the environment he lived. This rooted in writing about social issues which is mostly the topics of his writings. His greatest achievement was that he was the first Black American who was considered with racial consciousness to make a living by writing (Leach 14). He received many awards regarding his writings as he is a well-known figure in the society, a leading literalist in the Harlem Renaissance and critique of racism. His works includes the book of poetry which is The Weary Blues published in 1926. He was famous in playwright and musical dramas which were used in his time. Three of his famous works will be summarized and the influence of his works will be discussed.  · The Black Nativity (1921) – this is a collection of gospel songs which must be presented by black people. This means the character within the gospel about the birth of Christ is portrayed by African Americans.   It was played in Chicago and became a big hit in its time. The play was made from the influence of racism in the state. Langston created a new image of nativity when he arranged it to be played by Black people. This had become controversial but still became popular because of its uniqueness in approach.  · Not with Laughter (1920) – is a novel which depicts the black life in a town of Kansas. The work shows the character’s life on his dealings with tragedies and peaceful life in the town.  · The Weary Blues (1926) – this is collection of poetry blues by Hughes. The blues poem shows the nature toward affirmation and self negotiation, both consolatory mourning and melancholia (Ramazani 144). His works shows the life of black people in his time mixed with fictitious plots and heartwarming ideas in his works. The people view his works as inspirational and influences the way people view on the black people. The Harlem Renaissance is described as a period wherein racial criticism is intense wherein the blacks challenge the white racism by producing African Americans good in various field. This inspired Hughes to continue his endeavor towards writing his own poetry. Criticisms on his works At present, his works can be seen as not to promote racism but to see how Blacks and Whites have the same talents and ideals. The thorough examination of his works shows how he gave the tragedies on the life of blacks but then provide the positive side of it. His renowned play which is the Black Nativity showed a different approach in the way people think about gospel plays. The new approach was criticized but then, the issue of equality in religion beyond racial boundaries prevailed. His works became useful in the development of African American literature and continues evolvement of the discipline. His experience and his thoughts influenced the society through his writings. He’s well known works influenced the culture and life of the people in his time and the present.

HP Companys Outstanding Organizational Culture Business Essay

HP Companys Outstanding Organizational Culture Business Essay Organizational Culture this term first appeared on an academic literature of United States in 1979 by Pettigrew published in Administrative Science Quarterly On Studying Organizational Culture. After that, a batch of based on the organizational culture perspective to explore the source of enterprise competitive advantage popular management literature become popular books management scholars in Europe and America. The very famous Japanese American scholars William G. Ouchi (born 1943) the (Theory Z, 1981), Deal and Kennedys(Corporate Culture, 1982), as well as Peters and Waterman, the (In Search of Excellence, 1983), etc. In this literature review based on the theory the strategy management of resource school (RBV) to discuss organization culture and the relationship between sustainable competitive advantage, and organizational culture how to further affect organizational performance. And from the Angle of organizational culture the seek business diversification condition organization synergistic effect, and the formation of core competence. A) Composition enterprise competitive advantage source conditions Resources can be generally divided into three categories: tangible assets, intangible assets and organization skills. Tangible assets assessment of the most easily, it can be reflected on the balance sheet the only resource. A tangible asset generally includes real estate, production facilities, raw materials and other. Although tangible assets and enterprise strategy must, but because they itself is standardization attribute, make it very easy to imitate, so seldom become the sources of competitive advantage. Intangible assets include enterprise reputation, brand, technology knowledge, patent, trademark and culture, and long-term accumulated knowledge and experience. The intangible assets are usually in the competitive advantage (or disadvantage) and company value plays an important role. At the same time, the intangible assets will not in use was loss, on the contrary, will continue to get accumulation and growth. Based on this reason, the intangible assets can be for enterprises m ultiplication expansion to provide a foundation of core competence value. According to the view of Barneys (1991), to become the enterprise sustainable competitive advantage of the resources of an organization has the following several aspects: (1) the value of resources . That is to say, resources can help enterprise to create value and lower cost than their competitors do well. A kind of valuable resources must be able to customers are willing to pay the price to meet the demand of customers. (2) the resource scarcity. If the supply of resources is very full, so each organization will have to use this kind of resources of the same ability, they also could not be organization the sources of competitive advantage. In some value sex resources for a large number of organization of market conditions, may have a certain organization thus obtain competitive advantage. (3) resources hard to imitativeness. Imitate the disorder has two kinds, one is physical obstacles, including legal or policy limitation, get into the elements of the superior way, close to the cu stomers superior way, market capacity and scale economy, etc.; Secondly, intangible obstacles, including causal fuzzy, path dependence and social complexity. The resources of an organization hard to imitativeness from above one or more imitation barriers. (4) the irreplaceable resources. Although the resources of an organization is difficult to imitate, due to its special natural attribute, often by the threat of alternatives. If competitors to find the scarcity and difficult to imitate resources substitute, then the organizations sustainable competitive advantage or not be maintained, although have, also be short-term phenomenon. B) The organization culture and sustainable competitive advantage Excellent enterprise culture can form the enterprise sustainable competitive advantage. Peters and Waterman, the (In Search of Excellence(1982), they demonstrated the excellent enterprise organizational culture characteristics, and established a controversial outstanding theory. Kanter, 1983) in an organizational change research, discusses enterprise in the human resource management practice of advanced practice on organizational performance of positive influence. Denison(1984) to the organization culture based on the way of investigation measure that perceived organization member participation and input to the current organization and future financial performance. In addition, Gordon (1985) demonstrates the banking and public undertakings in the different performance enterprises different cultural characteristics. Kravetz(1988) to Kanter previous research further amplification, demonstrates the management practice is able to nurture the members of the participation, autonomy and creativity, and those characteristics is with the objective of organization performance indicators closely related. Hansen and Wernerfelt (1989) is an organization effect and market position of the influence of the performance. Their study found that the organization of internal factors than market position more influential, and almost no correlation between the two. After that, Kotter and Heskett(1992) of strong culture and adaptive culture and the relationship between the organizational performance is analysed. Gordon and DiTomaso( 1992) in the insurance industry, further provide the cultural power and values approval and organizational performance relation of empirical research. In addition, the theory also making progress. Barney(1986), from the perspective of economics of organizational culture are discussed, and define the organizational culture affect organizational performance condition. In the article Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage(1986), Barney puts forward Culture becomes the Source of sustainable Competitive Advantage must satisfy three conditions, namely has value, scarcity and inimitable. Organization first must be able to increase sales, reduce cost and expand the profit, and other ways to improve organization value. The requirements of scarcity of culture reflects the needs of competition, if each organization with a similar culture, in a similar manner to participate in competition, so there wont be organization can obtain competitive advantage. On this basis, Barney put the organizational culture of not imitativeness as sustainable competitive advantage of the most effective and the strongest barr iers. He quoted three reasons. First, the individual is difficult to observe and describe organizational culture worth. Secondly, is difficult to carries on the strict description and detection between this highly subjective structure characteristics and organization competitive advantage, value and scarcity of organizational culture is often difficult to oral expression, difficult to perception of organizational consensus, this comes from organization unique history and heritage. Finally, even if the organization culture can be described, it is still difficult to success imitation, it originated in organizational culture refused to change inert. Therefore, look from another Angle, organization powerless to understanding and copy their own culture, perhaps is the competitive advantage of the best protection, it better than any other system security . Of course, imitation of organization culture also make the organization become fragile, organization leader lack of foresight vigorous action is very easy to make the organization damaged. C) in the business diversification for based on the organizational culture of the coordination effect According to the view of Barney, value, scarcity and inimitable established organization culture as organization for an important source of competitive advantage. And in business diversification of organization, culture of inherent characteristics and can bring synergy effect, thus eventually become diversified management organization of the possibility of sustained competitive advantage source. Hiroyuki Itami In the Mobilizing Invisible Assets(1987) Hiroyuki Itami make organise resources subdivide into complementary effect and synergy effect in strategy implementation of the whole combination effect , he mentioned complementary effect almost always based on the full use of resources to achieve we can often through the Shared the same physical Assets or financial Assets, make two not relevant strategic elements exist at the same time. And this is the fundamentality of complementary effect. In contrast, Hiroyuki Itami thinks multiple effect of synergistic effect popular, synergy is hi tch-hike. When a part from the company accumulated resources can be at the same time and nothing local applied in other parts of the company, synergistic effect happens. Hiroyuki Itami and further emphasizes the obtain complementary effect resources mainly include physical assets and financial asset tangible assets, and exert synergy effect resources mainly is the intangible assets. He realized that most of the tangible assets cannot provide hitch-hike or provide opportunities to be used at the same time. With a plants two different local production respectively two different products, there is no cooperative. Financial assets also is such, cannot be in two different parts used at the same time. If a product input increased, so can be used for other products will reduce the investment. Different with tangible assets, including technology, goodwill, information, knowledge and culture of the intangible assets can be also used in two or more areas, and its value of existence a bit will not be affected. Intangible assets which is including the organizational culture , this can be in the same organization business diversification, and no cost are being used, the intangible assets play a synergistic effect also reflects the value of organizational resources, can often provide competitive advantage for organization. One can use product reputation, sales channels and invisible assets to create synergy effect company, is always better than no this kind of asset companies more advantage. Hiroyuki Itami further analysis make use of synergistic effect achieve competitive advantage has both substantive, also has the persistent invisible assets can not buy, it only by the company through the long-term effort created. This makes the company more than new to enter the market competition has the obvious advantage, because the latter must go through a long time to have a similar assets. If the synergistic effect be apt to is added use, strategists will be able to use this time competitive advanta ge to do more things. Intangible assets this cannot buy scarcity and needs long time exploring hard to imitativeness become diversified management through the synergistic effect to realize the source of sustainable competitive advantage. In contrast, tangible assets although may bring complementary effect, but as a result of complementary effect easy to easily all competitors to realize, so this kind of competition advantage nature also wont be lasting. D) Conclusion A number of studies show that HP companys outstanding organizational culture in its business diversification in bring the synergistic effect of competitive advantage (Barney, 1986; Kotter and Hesketts( 1992); Collins and Boras, 1994). Hewlett-Packard company valuable, rare and difficult to imitate the organization culture build its core competence strategy. In a study of Hewlett-Packard company of empirical research of HP way: application prudent and emergency enterprise culture analysis strategic competition advantage, Kowalczyk and Giusti using questionnaire and statistics analysis method to Hewlett-Packard company subordinates different geographical location, different product line, different industry needs four branches were studied. Statistical results show that in each branch exist in the same single prudent organizational culture, namely middle management staff commitment to the dissemination of culture, and by comparison, found that the prudent culture and company executives advocated planning enterprise culture are basically the same. On the other hand, the company allows each branch development different emergency organization culture, it is each branch in different industry environment and industry coordinated result, accord with Kotter and Hesketts in the enterprise culture and business performance, in which, he put forward enterprise culture adaptive principle. The study again, at least in part, is based on the organizational culture in every branch of synergistic effect, and cooperation with all branches in the development of the industry adaptive culture, Hewlett-Packard company to maintain long-term outstanding economic performance. In the business diversification conditions, as intangible assets organization culture as a result of can be at the same time and nothing local applied in other parts of the company, thus can realize synergistic effect for the organization, and to realize the strategic income; At the same time, organization culture may be some value sex, scarcity and difficult to imitativeness characteristics, also make the organization in business diversification conditions possible to obtain sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, the organizational culture to cultivate should become diversified enterprise strategic basis points, and extend to all aspects of the enterprise and business areas, in order to get strategic synergy effect, constructing the core competitive force of the enterprise. References ¼Ã… ¡ 1 ¼Ã… ½Barney ¼Ã…’J ¼Ã… ½B ¼Ã… ½Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 1986 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Organizational culture ¼Ã… ¡can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? ¼Ã… ½Academy of Management Review ¼Ã…’11 ¼Ã…’3 ¼Ã…’656-665 ¼Ã… ½ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬2 ¼Ã… ½Pettigrew ¼Ã…’A ¼Ã… ½M ¼Ã… ½Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 1979 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½On Studying Organizational Culture ¼Ã… ½Administrative Science Quarterly ¼Ã…’24 ¼Ã…’570-581 ¼Ã… ½